The Uighurs

campaign against Uighur separatists, whom it has branded terrorists.

In August, China held joint anti-terrorism exercises with Pakistan in Xinjiang which borders Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and the disputed territory of Kashmir.

Beijing has blamed pro-independence activists for a string of bombings and riots in Xinjiang since the 1990s, although officials say none has occurred in the last few years.

The London-based human rights watchdog Amnesty International said in a report last month China had detained thousands of Muslims, closed mosques and banned some religious schools in the past three years in the name of the war on terror.

The United States has put the East Turkestan Islamic Movement on its list of terrorist organisations.