German Neuroscience

Written by

in

What to make of this (via ALDaily) from a German neuroscientist?

The idea that someone should not be punished if their abnormal neural make-up leaves them no choice but to break the law is contentious but not new. However, one prominent neuroscientist has sparked a storm by picking it up and turning it round. Writing in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, one of Germany’s leading newspapers, Wolf Singer argued that crime itself should be taken as evidence of brain abnormality, even if no abnormality can be found, and criminals treated as incapable of having acted otherwise.

His claims have brought howls of outrage from academics across the sciences and humanities. But Singer counters that the idea is nothing but a natural extension of the thesis that free will is an illusion – a theory that he feels is supported by decades of work in neuroscience. […]

His argument goes like this. Neurobiology tells us that there is no centre in the brain where actions are planned and decisions made. Decisions emerge from a collection of dynamic systems that run in parallel and are underpinned by nerve cells that talk to each other – the brain. If you look back in evolution to say, the sea slug Aplysia, you see that the building blocks of this brain have not changed. The amino acids, the nerve cells, the signalling pathways and largely the genes, are the same. “It’s the same material [in humans], just more complex,” says Singer. “So the same rules must govern what humans do. Unavoidable conclusion.”

Of course there’s “no centre in the brain where actions are planned and decisions made”. That’s because it’s people who plan actions and make decisions, not neurons. They will probably also find, should they care to look, that there are no neurons which support Arsenal or intend to vote Conservative at the next election. The whole argument is wrong-headed.

Comments

  1. Dave Avatar

    Yah. Pretty stupid stuff.
    Even a materialist like me realizes that unexpected, complex behaviors can evolve from organizations of simpler parts. Sure, if you could simulate every neuron in the entire brain – and predict all the quantum mechanical interactions, which is impossible – you could predict a human’s behavior.
    But that doesn’t mean a person isn’t in control of his or her own choices. The mind generates the choices. The mind is the person. The brain is the mind. It’s not that you have a faulty brain if you are a criminal, so much as you are a faulty brain – you are a faulty person. The mind has the capability of policing and correcting itself, and it/you have chosen not to use that capability, to the detriment of society.
    Then, I suppose, is the question of what to do with these people. We punish criminals for making poor choices. You would have to rehabilitate people who are mentally ill. But if you can’t identify what is wrong with them, and certainly, if you can’t predict their future behavior, you’d have to “treat” them indefinitely. Petty shoplifters would be locked up forever for even simple crimes, if it couldn’t be determined why they did it or how to fix them. While psychotic murders would be given some pills and set free. It just doesn’t make any sense.

  2. Eve Garrard Avatar
    Eve Garrard

    Dave, surely there really is a problem here that can’t be so easily dismissed? If as you say the person makes the choices, and the mind is the person, and the brain is the mind, then doesn’t it follow that the brain – ie a bunch of neurons – makes the choices? But attributing free will to a bunch of neurons doesn’t seem at all plausible.

  3. Dave Avatar

    No, attributing free will to “a bunch of neurons” doesn’t seem at all plausible. Attributing free will to a massively complex system of interacting units, governed by an often chaotic array of forces, including completely stochastic processes like quantum mechanics, does.
    Look at it this way. If all you understand is quarks and leptons and the four basic forces, you might be able to predict, say, the formation of atoms or even small molecules. Would you even imagine that countless of these tiny particles would come together to form things like proteins, DNA, trees, planets, and stars? Could you predict the galactic evolution of the universe on the macro scale, or the evolution of life on Earth?
    Complex behavior often comes out of very large but ultimately very simple systems. The whole is more than the sum of its parts.
    Plus, there are serious issues with the alternatives. Consider dualism – if the self is separate from the material body, why do certain types of brain damage cause significant changes in behavior and even character? But if the brain is just a physical machine with no free will, why do we have self-consciousness and the illusion of free will?

  4. Mick H Avatar
    Mick H

    Dave, you got me there. Gives me a headache just thinking about it. I think it’s because my neurons aren’t smart enough.

  5. Eve Garrard Avatar
    Eve Garrard

    Dave, I entirely agree with you, dualism has ghastly problems. All I wanted to stress was that monism does too. We can tell quite a convincing story about how we get from molecules to trees. But we don’t have any such story for free will. And in any case why would the presence of quantum indeterminacy leave any more room for free choice than the presence of full determinism? Both of these preclude control by the freely choosing agent.

  6. Dave Avatar

    I think what it boils down to is that free will and the illusion of free will are indistinguishable.
    Perhaps it’s true that all of a person’s choices are pre-determined by the physical structure of their brains and the inputs those brains receive from the environment. Even if you could simulate each individual neuron, the whole system is chaotic, or fractal, or whatever you want to call it. It’s essentially impossible to predict the large scale behavior – the actual choices the person makes. Plus, when you consider quantum uncertainty, you can’t even really know what all the inputs and outputs are.
    So, because we perceive free will, and because there’s no way to actually predict the choices a person will make, it makes no difference whether the choices are real or only illusions.

  7. Eve Garrard Avatar
    Eve Garrard

    It makes one difference, surely? It undermines our attributions of moral responsibility. If people’s choices really are predetermined, it seems a bit much to blame them for the bad ones, just because we couldn’t predict how their determining causes would ensure they chose. We can’t predict just which atoms of a radioactive substance will decay, but we don’t thereby hold the atoms responsible. That’s why the the problem of free will is important, and can’t be easily dismissed, even though it’s such a ghastly mess.

  8. Dave Avatar

    But if it’s not possible to tell the difference, then why not assume things are as you actually perceive them?
    Or, to take a different approach, assuming free will doesn’t exist doesn’t change how we have to deal with things like mental illness, crime, etc. If you brain makes choices like robbing banks and killing people in cold blood, it needs to be removed from society so that it doesn’t harm other brains. Or perhaps to train it to behave otherwise. Or perhaps to make the other brains feel that justice is being done, and the grand society of brains is running as it should. All depending, of course, on what your brain decides the motivation for judicial punishment is.

  9. Clay Avatar
    Clay

    What do you think: Seems to me the idea that “free will” does not exist is solipsism–the concept is useful only in the context of interactions between individuals. When we say that we have free will, we are declaring that we will hold each other responsible for our actions. No one is going to find free will by cutting up brains because it actually describes a social relationship.

  10. Dave Avatar

    Clay, I think you’ve hit it right on the head. The concept of “free will” is part of the human experience. Like other aspects of the human experience – such as “responsibility” and “love” – there’s no way for us to describe it in terms of purely physical processes even if it is just the result of purely physical processes.

  11. john b Avatar

    Surely all you need is a slight adaptation of David Hume – there’s no empirical reason to believe in free will, but life and society don’t really work unless we do, so therefore we should act as if it existed….

  12. John F Avatar
    John F

    I have a alternative suggestion – beating up Herr Singer until he
    a) agrees that we are doing so from our free will
    b) that he wishes us to stop from his free will
    c) would be prepared to use the treat of jail to make us stop.
    BTW, is a Wolf Singer anything like a horse whisperer?

  13. Dave Avatar

    there’s no empirical reason to believe in free will
    Other than that we perceive we have it?

  14. Calvin Avatar
    Calvin

    Anyone who questions why, if we don’t really have free will (as a result of purely physical causationin the brain), we have the illusion of free will should read Daniel Wegner’s book “The Illusion of Conscious Will,” in which the author argues that it was evolutionarily advantageous to conceive of ourselves as free agents. Wegner provides thorough and convincing arguments that we are ultimately mistaken in believing ourselves to be free and uncaused agents, while at the same time offering a highly plausible explanation of why it was necessary (at some point in our evolutionary history) to believe this

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *